Periodontology

Periodontology, also known as periodontics, is a specialized branch of dentistry that focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, collectively referred to as the periodontium. These structures include the gingiva (gums), alveolar bone, cementum, and the periodontal ligament. Periodontal diseases manifest in various forms, but they commonly result from the accumulation of bacterial plaque biofilms, particularly those composed of pathogenic "red complex" bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. These pathogens trigger destructive host immune and inflammatory responses that gradually deteriorate the surrounding bone and connective tissues.

If left untreated, periodontal disease can lead to progressive alveolar bone loss and eventual tooth loss, making it the leading cause of tooth loss in adults worldwide. Periodontics not only addresses active disease but also emphasizes early detection, risk factor management (such as smoking and diabetes), and maintenance therapy to preserve oral health and prevent recurrence. Advancements in regenerative techniques, laser-assisted treatments, and host-modulatory therapies continue to enhance outcomes in modern periodontal care.

 

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